Rate limiting is a critical building block in modern distributed systems. Almost every large-scale system, whether it is an API platform, social network, payment gateway, or SaaS product, relies on rate limiting to protect itself from abuse, ensure fair usage, and control infrastructure costs. In this blog, we will design a scalable, distributed rate limiter, […]
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Video streaming platforms like YouTube, Netflix, Hotstar, Amazon Prime, and Vimeo serve millions of hours of video daily. Designing such a system is challenging because video streaming is bandwidth-heavy, latency-sensitive, and highly scalable by nature. Unlike text or images, video data is large, continuous, and must be delivered smoothly even under unstable network conditions. In
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Design a News Feed / Social Media Feed System A News Feed system is the backbone of every modern social platform—Facebook, Instagram, Twitter/X, LinkedIn. It decides what content a user sees, in what order, and how fast. From a system design perspective, this is one of the hardest problems because it combines massive scale, low
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Notification systems are a critical infrastructure component for modern applications. Whether it is an OTP SMS, an order confirmation email, a push notification for a social update, or an internal system alert, notifications form the bridge between backend systems and end users. At small scale, sending notifications may appear trivial. However, at scale—where millions of
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Designing a URL shortener looks simple on the surface—but at scale, it becomes a classic distributed systems problem involving performance, scalability, caching, databases, and trade-offs. In this post, we will design a production-grade URL shortener using a clear 14-step system design framework that you can reuse for any system design interview or real-world architecture discussion.
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